Somalia’s economy is largely based on agriculture, livestock, remittances, and a growing informal sector. Despite the challenges posed by decades of political instability, civil war, and limited infrastructure, Somalia has maintained a degree of resilience through informal trade networks and the support of its diaspora. Livestock, particularly cattle, sheep, and camels, forms the backbone of the economy, with the country being a major supplier of animals to the Middle East. Agriculture, especially the cultivation of bananas, sugarcane, and sorghum, is also a key sector, though it has faced challenges due to recurring droughts and lack of modern farming techniques.

Somalia’s financial system is largely underdeveloped and informal. There is no central banking system with full functionality, and much of the population relies on hawala networks for money transfers, particularly for remittances, which are vital for household income. These remittances make up a significant portion of the country`s GDP. Recently, there have been efforts to formalize and improve the financial sector, with institutions like the Central Bank of Somalia working to re-establish itself. Mobile money platforms have also gained popularity as a means of transferring and managing funds in a country where banking infrastructure remains limited.

In terms of trade, Somalia exports a large portion of its livestock to countries in the Middle East and West Asia, particularly Saudi Arabia, Oman, and the UAE. These countries rely on Somalia for their supply of animals, particularly during the Hajj season, when there is increased demand for livestock. Additionally, Somalia exports fish, charcoal, and agricultural products. On the import side, Somalia relies heavily on foreign goods, with significant imports of food products, machinery, fuel, and construction materials from the Gulf States and other countries in the Middle East. The trading relationships are heavily dependent on maritime routes, given Somalia`s strategic location along the Horn of Africa and its access to the Indian Ocean.

While the Somali economy faces numerous challenges such as insecurity, corruption, and lack of infrastructure, there are also opportunities for growth, particularly in sectors like telecommunications, trade, and fisheries. The engagement of the Somali diaspora and international partners continues to play a crucial role in shaping the country’s economic future.